weapons of mass destruction

hi dear ones,

Classification of Weapons                                       

Types of weapons by user

– what person or unit uses the weapon

• Personal weapons (or small arms) – designed to be used by a single person.
• Hunting weapon – primarily for hunting game animals for food or sport
• Infantry support weapons – larger than personal weapons, requiring two or more to operate correctly.
• Fortification weapons – mounted in a permanent installation, or used primarily within a fortification.
• Mountain weapons – for use by mountain forces or those operating in difficult terrain.
• Vehicle weapons – to be mounted on any type of military vehicle.
• Railway weapons – designed to be mounted on railway cars, including armored trains.
• Aircraft weapons – carried on and used by some type of aircraft, helicopter, or other aerial vehicle.
• Naval weapons – mounted on ships and submarines.
• Space weapons – are designed to be used in or launched from space.

Types of weapons by function

– the construction of the weapon and principle of operation

• Antimatter weapons (theoretical) would combine matter and antimatter to cause a powerful explosion.
• Archery weapons operate by using a tensioned string to launch a projectile.
• Artillery are capable of launching heavy projectiles over long distances.
• Biological weapons spread biological agents, causing disease or infection.
• Chemical weapons, poisoning and causing reactions.
• Energy weapons rely on concentrating forms of energy to attack, such as lasers or sonic attack.
• Explosive weapons use a physical explosion to create blast concussion or spread shrapnel.
• Firearms use a chemical charge to launch projectiles.
• Improvised weapons are common objects, reused as weapons.
• Incendiary weapons cause damage by fire.
• Non-lethal weapons are designed to subdue without killing.
• Magnetic weapons use magnetic fields to propel projectiles, or to focus particle beams.
• Mêlée weapons operate as physical extensions of the user’s body and directly impact their target.
• Missiles are rockets which are guided to their target after launch. (Also a general term for projectile weapons).
• Nuclear weapons use radioactive materials to create nuclear fission and/or nuclear fusion detonations.
• Primitive weapons make little or no use of technological or industrial elements.
• Ranged weapons (unlike Mêlée weapons), target a distant object or person.
• Rockets use chemical propellant to accelerate a projectile
• Suicide weapons exploit the willingness of their operator to not survive the attack.
• Trojan weapons appear on face value to be gifts, though the intent is to in some way to harm the recipient.

 Types of weapons by target

– the type of target the weapon is designed to attack

• Anti-aircraft weapons target missiles and aerial vehicles in flight.
• Anti-fortification weapons are designed to target enemy installations.
• Anti-personnel weapons are designed to attack people, either individually or in numbers.
• Anti-radiation weapons target sources of electronic radiation, particularly radar emitters.
• Anti-satellite weapons target orbiting satellites.
• Anti-ship weapons target ships and vessels on water.
• Anti-submarine weapons target submarines and other underwater targets.
• Anti-tank weapons are designed to defeat armored targets.
• Area denial weapons target territory, making it unsafe or unsuitable for enemy use or travel.
• Hunting weapons are civilian weapons used to hunt animals.
• Infantry support weapons are designed to attack various threats to infantry units.

 

ayurveda in india

hi dear ones,                     

Ayurveda

 Ayurveda is probably the earliest medical system having a positive concept of health to be achieved through a blending of physical, mental, social, moral and spiritual welfare. Ayurveda deals elaborately with measures of healthy living during the entire span of life and its various phases. Besides dealing with principles for maintenance of health, it has also developed a wide range of therapeutic measures to combat illness. In short, Ayurveda is one of the oldest systems of medicine dealing with both the preventive and curative aspects of life in a most comprehensive way.

Several treatises indicate the presence of eight specialities in Ayurveda, called ‘Ashtanga Ayurveda’. They are:

• Internal Medicine (Kaya Chikitsa)
• Paediatrics (Kaumar Bhritya)
• Psychiatry ( Bhoot Vidya)
• Otorhinolaryngology and Ophthalmology (Shalakya)
• Surgery (Shalya)
• Toxicology (Agad Tantra)
• Geriatrics (Rasayana)
• Eugenics and aphrodisiacs (Vajikarana)

Siddha

Like Ayurveda, Siddha is also a traditional medical system with a very rich history. It was developed in southern India and has its literature in Tamil, unlike Ayurveda, with its literature in Sanskrit. Its origins are, sometimes, also traced to mythological sources, to Lord Shiva. According to tradition, there were 18 ‘Siddhars’ (practitioners of Siddha and symbols of psychosomatic perfection), of which Agasthya is considered the first and foremost.

In the Siddha medicine system, the use of metals, minerals and chemical products is predominant. Alchemy actually has its origin in the Siddha system, which was connected with the Tantrik culture, aimed at the perfection of man not only at the spiritual level but also at the physical level. The use of human urine in medicine also started with the Tantrik culture.

Surgery

The origin of surgery in India can be traced back to the Indus-Saraswati valley civilisation. In fact, recent findings suggest that the origin could be pushed even further. Excavations from the Mehrgarh area of the present-day Pakistan have revealed that the practice of drilling human teeth existed even 9000 years ago.

Among the eight divisions of Ayurveda, surgery was considered the first and the foremost branch. Sushruta is recognised as the father of Indian surgery. He used a variety of surgical practices that compare well even with modern practices. Some of the pioneering concepts/practices of Sushruta include, but not limited to the following:

• He had put forth a comprehensive list of blunt and sharp instruments, meant for removing foreign bodies, for sucking the fluids, for facilitating the various surgical procedures, to hold and pull any objects, etc
• He can be considered as the first person to introduce diagnostic instruments and their principles
• He proposed 14 types of bandaging capable of covering almost all the regions of the body
• He was aware of all the degrees of burns, the effects of heat-stroke, sun-stroke and frost-bite
• He gave a classification of accidental wounds, which he divided into 6 kinds. This classification has not changed even after many centuries, except for the inclusion of gunshot wounds
• A classification of bones and their reaction to injuries was also given by Sushruta
• The most outstanding contribution of Sushruta was reconstructive/plastic surgery. He reconstructed mutilated noses (rhinoplasty), earlobes (otoplasty), and lips (oroplasty); grafting of the healthy skin from the cheek, rotation of the pedicle flap, its transfer to the nose, ear or lips, and reconstruction resembling the normal shape have been described in great detail by him .

.

First in INDIA

Hi dear ones,

             

 Nobel Prize

• Nobel Prize winner: Rabindranath Tagore for the Nobel Prize in Literature, 1913. He was also the first Asian to get the prize.
• Nobel Prize in Physics: C. V. Raman in 1930.
• Nobel Prize in Medicine: Har Gobind Khorana in 1968. (India born US citizen)
• Nobel Peace Prize: Mother Teresa in 1979 (Albania born Indian citizen)
• Nobel Prize in Economics: Amartya Sen in 1998
• Nobel Prize in chemistry: Venkatraman Ramakrishnan in 2009 (US citizen)

Exploration

• Person to reach the South Pole: Col. Jatinder Kumar Bajaj
• Woman to scale Mount Everest:  Bachhendri Pal on May 23, 1984. She was the 5th woman in the world to scale the peak.

 Film and TV

• Sound film: Alam Ara, 1931, First Talkie actress:Zubeida
• Oscar winner: Bhanu Athaiya for Best Costume Design for Gandhi (film) in 1982
• Oscar nomination for Best Foreign Language Film: Mother India in 1957
• Music director to win an Oscar and first double Oscar winner-Mr. A. R. Rahman for Slumdog Millionaire, 22 February 2009.
• Sound engineer to win an Oscar: Resul Pookutty for Slumdog Millionaire, 22 February 2009
• Palme d’Or at 1946 Cannes Film Festival:Neecha Nagar directed by Chetan Anand
• National Film Award for cinema: Shyamchi Aai in 1954
• Colorized film: Mughal-e-Azam in 2004 (the original black-and-white version was released in 1960)
• Sponsored TV serial: Hum Log, started on July 7, 1984, was also the first soap opera of India, ran for 156 episodes
• Guinness Book of World Records in the category Fewest actors in a narrative film: Yaadein (1964) directed and acted by Sunil Dutt ^[2]
• Actor to enact 10 roles: Kamal Haasan
• 3D film: My Dear Kuttichathan, a Malayalam film, produced in 1984, dubbed in Hindi as Chhota Chetan.
• 70 mm film: Padayottam, a Malayalam film, produced in 1982
• Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (officer of the order of arts and letters): Actor: Sivaji Ganesan (1995), Shahrukh Khan (2007); Actress: Aishwarya Rai Bachchan (2009); Director: Adoor Gopalakrishnan (2003)^[3]
• Hindi film to be screened at the United Nations: Lage Raho Munna Bhai on 10 November 2006

Governance

• President: Rajendra Prasad (1950-1962)
• Vice-President: S. Radhakrishnan
• Prime Minister: Jawaharlal Nehru (1947-1964). The first term lasted till 1952 after which he was re-elected
• Deputy Prime Minister: Vallabhbhai Patel (1947-1950)
• Prime Minister to be voted out of office: Indira Gandhi (1977) when the Indian National Congress lost to the Janata Party
• Non-Congress government: by Janata Party with Morarji Desai as the Prime Minister (1977-1980)
• Prime Minister to lead a minority government for a full term (five years): P. V. Narasimha Rao, June 21, 1991 – May 16, 1996
• Person outside the Nehru-Gandhi family to serve as Prime Minister for a full term (five years): P. V. Narasimha Rao, June 21, 1991 – May 16, 1996
• Prime Minister from South India: P. V. Narasimha Rao, 1991
• Governor-General: Warren Hastings
• Governor General of Independent India: Lord Mountbatten, 1947
• Indian Governor-General of Indian Union: C Rajagopalachari, 1948
• Chief Justice of India: H. J. Kania (1947-1951)
• Indian ICS Officer: Satyendranath Tagore, 1863
• Speaker of Lok Sabha: G.V. Mavlankar (1952-1956)
• Finance Minister of Independent India: R.K. Shanmukhan Chetty (1947-1949), for others see First Indian Cabinet
• Presentation of First Budget after India’s Independence : R.K. Shanmukhan Chetty on Nov 26, 1947
• First Home Minister of India: Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel^[4]
• First Indian Chief Minister to die in Office: Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy
• First Indian President to die in Office: Dr Zakir Hussain, 3 May 1969
• First Indian Prime Minister to resign from office: Morarji Desai, 1979
• First Woman Cabinet Minister in India: Rajkumari Amrit Kaur
• First Woman Minister in India: Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit
• First Woman Chief Minister: Sucheta Kriplani
• First Female Home Minister: Sabitha Indra Reddy

Science

• Hydroelectric plant: On the Gaganachukki waterfall of the Sivasamudram Falls, Karnataka. Built in 1902.
• City to have electricity: Bangalore, in 1906 (it was in fact the first city in Asia to have electricity)
• Man in space: Rakesh Sharma aboard Salyut 7, on April 3, 1984. He was the 138th man in space worldwide.
• Woman in space: Kalpana Chawla aboard Space Shuttle Columbia flight STS-87, on November 19, 1997. She was a naturalized United States citizen, and represented the US during the event.
• Test-tube baby: Durga Agarwal, born 1978
• Scientific Expedition to Antarctica: 1981
• Nuclear Reactor: CIRUS, Mumbai, Maharashtra
• First Genetically Modified Food Product in India : Bt. Egg plant Hybrid (Bt. — Bacilius thuringiensis)
• Satellite : Aryabhatta, launched on April 19, 1975
• Satellite dedicated exclusively for educational services : EDUSET
• Successfully indigenous launch vehicle : SLV-3
• Prospective space tourist: Santhosh George Kulangara, proposed in 2009 aboard Virgin Galactic

Women

• Graduates: Kadambini Ganguly and Chandramukhi Basu, 1883
• Head of an Undergraduate Academic Institution: Chandramukhi Basu, 1888
• Honours Graduate: Kamini Roy (1886)
• Lawyer: Cornelia Sorabjee (1892)
• Doctorate of Science: Asima Chatterjee (1944)
• Chief Justice of a High Court (Himachal Pradesh): Leila Seth, 1991
• Supreme Court judge: Kumari Fathima Beevi
• High Court Judge : Anna Chandy
• Physician: Kadambini Ganguly, 1886
• Airline Pilot: Durba Banerjee
• In space: Kalpana Chawla aboard Space Shuttle Columbia flight STS-87, on November 19, 1997. She was a naturalized United States citizen, and represented the US during the event.
• Nobel Prize winner: Mother Teresa in 1979 (Albanian born Indian citizen)

Administration and Politics

• First female monarch of Delhi Sultanate: Razia Sultan (1205-1240) of Mamluk dynasty
• Prime Minister: Indira Gandhi, 1966
• Minister in a government: Rajkumari Amrit Kaur in the Ministry of Health
• Chief Minister of a State: Sucheta Kripalani, Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, 1963-1967
• Governor: Sarojini Naidu, Governor of Uttar Pradesh, 1947-1949
• Central Minister (in pre-independent India): Vijayalakshmi Pandit, minister of local self-government and public health, 1937
• Speaker of the Lok Sabha: Meira Kumar
• Indian National Congress President: Annie Besant
• President: Pratibha Patil, 2007
• IPS Officer: Kiran Bedi

corruption !!!!

hi dear ones,

 this is just to make you work more.

Countries with the lowest index scores are considered the most corrupt.

• score 1.7: Bangladesh, Chad
• score 1.8: Haiti, Myanmar, Turkmenistan
• score 1.9: Côte d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria
• score 2.0: Angola
• score 2.1: Congo, Kenya, Pakistan, Paraguay, Somalia, Sudan, Tajikistan
• score 2.2: Azerbaijan, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Iraq, Liberia, Uzbekistan
• score 2.3: Burundi, Cambodia, Republic of Congo, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Papua New Guinea, Venezuela
• score 2.4: Albania, Niger, Russia, Sierra Leone
• score 2.5: Afghanistan, Bolivia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Guyana, Libya, Nepal, Philippines, Uganda
• score 2.6: Belarus, Eritrea, Honduras, Kazakhstan, Nicaragua, Palestine, Ukraine, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe
• score 2.7: Gambia, Macedonia, Swaziland, Yemen
• score 2.8: Algeria, Argentina, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Serbia and Montenegro
• score 2.9: Armenia, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Gabon, India, Iran, Mali, Moldova, Tanzania
• score 3.0: Dominican Republic, Mongolia, Romania
• score 3.1: Lebanon, Rwanda
• score 3.2: China, Morocco, Senegal, Sri Lanka, Suriname
• score 3.3: Laos
• score 3.4: Burkina Faso, Croatia, Egypt, Lesotho, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Syria
• score 3.5: Ghana, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Turkey
• score 3.6: Jamaica
• score 3.7: Belize, Brazil
• score 3.8: Cuba, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago
• score 4.0: Bulgaria, Colombia, Fiji, Seychelles
• score 4.2: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Latvia, Mauritius
• score 4.3: Czech Republic, Greece, Namibia, Slovakia
• score 4.7: Kuwait
• score 4.8: Lithuania
• score 4.9: Tunisia
• score 5.0: Hungary, Italy, South Korea

Due to an absence of reliable data, 34 of the world’s 193 countries were excluded from the survey (including North Korea).

The highest scoring countries are those where companies are less willing to pay bribes to win contracts.

Belgium 8.8

Canada 8.8

Netherlands 8.7

Switzerland 8.7

United Kindgom 8.6

Germany 8.6

Japan 8.6

Australia 8.5

France 8.1

Singapore 8.1

United States 8.1

Spain 7.9

Hong Kong 7.6

South Africa 7.5

South Korea 7.5

Taiwan 7.5

Italy 7.4

Brazil 7.4

India 6.8

Mexico 6.6

China 6.5

Russia 5.9

india’s top 10 info tech companies

hi dear ones,

here is some compiled information for you.

1. Tata Consultancy Services
The Indian software industry is set to keep up its growth rate despite the slowdown in the economy. The National Association of Software and Services Companies (Nasscom) has forecast a strong outlook for FY08-09 strong with software and services revenue seen growing by 21-24 per cent. The software and services exports are set to hit the $50 billion-mark.

The software and services exports segment grew by 29 per cent (in USD) to register revenues of $40.4 billion in FY07-08, up from $31.4 billion in FY06-07. The domestic segment grew by 26 per cent (in INR) to register revenues of $ 11.6 billion in FY07-08. According to the latest Nasscom rankings, Tata Consultancy Services Ltd., Infosys Technologies Ltd. and Wipro Technologies Ltd are the top 3 revenue generators in India. Check out the top ten players in the Indian IT industry.

TCS
Founded in 1968, TCS is one of India’s largest corporate houses. It is also India’s largest IT employer with a staff strength of 111,000 employees.

The company began as a division of the Tata Group, called the Tata Computer Centre. Its main business was to offer computer services to other group companies. Soon the company was spun off as Tata Consultancy Services after it realised the huge potential of the booming IT services.

The company posted a consolidated net profit of Rs 1,290.61 crore (Rs 12.90 billion) for the first quarter ended June 30, 2008, an increase of 7.3 per cent compared to the year-ago period.

Its annual sales worldwide stands at $5.7 billion for the fiscal year ending March 2008. During the year 2007-08,TCS’ consolidated revenues grew by 22 per cent to Rs 22,863 crore ($5.7 billion). S. Ramadorai, is the chief executive officer and managing director of TCS.

TCS is IDC-Dataquest IT best employer in IT services in 2007. TCS also topped DataQuest DQTop 20 list of IT service providers in 2007.

2. Wipro
What started off as a hydrogenated cooking fat company, Wipro is today is a $5 billion revenue generating IT, BPO and R&D services organisation with presence in over 50 countries.
Premji started Wipro with the ‘idea of building an organisation which was deeply committed to values, in the firm belief that success in business would be its inevitable, eventual outcome’. The company has over 72,000 employees.

Wipro’s revenues grew by 33 per cent to Rs 19,957 crore (Rs 200 billion) for the year ended March 31, 2008. The net profit grew by 12 per cent to Rs. 3,283 crore (Rs. 32.83 billion). The revenues of the combined IT businesses was $4.3 billion with 43 per cent YoY growth.

Wipro was the only Indian company to be ranked among the top 10 global outsourcing providers in IAOP’s 2006 Global Outsourcing 100 listing. Wipro has also won the International Institute for Software Testing’s Software Testing Best Practice Award.

3. Infosys
Infosys Technologies Ltd was started in 1981 by seven people with $250. Today, the company boasts of revenues of over $ 4 billion and 94,379 employees.
Under the leadership of N R Narayana Murthy, the company has become a global brand. The company is now headed by Kris Gopalakrishnan. The income for the quarter ended June 30 2008 was Rs 4,854 crore (Rs 48.54 billion). The net profit stood at Rs 1,302 crore (Rs 13.02 billion).

Forbes magazine named Infosys in its list of Global High Performers. Waters magazine rated Infosys as the Best Outsourcing Partner. The Banker magazine conferred two Banker Technology Awards on Infosys to acclaim its work in wholesale and capital markets in two categories – Payments and Treasury Services, and Offshoring and Outsourcing.

The International Association of Outsourcing Professionals (IAOP) ranked Infosys at No. 3 in its ‘2008 Global Outsourcing 100’.

4. Satyam Computer Services
Established in 1987 by Ramalinga Raju, Satyam has a staff strength of 51,000 employees. In 2008, the company’s revenues crossed the $ 2-billion mark.
‘A simple, yet extensive management model to create value, which promotes entrepreneurship, a focus on the customer, and the constant pursuit of excellence,’ is the company’s mantra for success. In FY2008, its revenues saw a growth of 30.7 per cent to Rs 8,473.49 crore (Rs 84.73 billion) compared to fiscal 2007.

The net profit stood at Rs 1,687.89 crore (Rs 16.87 billion), a growth of 20.2 per cent over fiscal 2007. Satyam is among the youngest IT service companies to reach $1 billion in annual revenues. It is ranked No. 1 in the ASTD (American Society for Training and Development) BEST Award, 2007.

5. HCL Technologies
HCL is a leading global technology player with annual revenues of $4.9 billion. The HCL Enterprise comprises two companies listed in India, HCL Technologies and HCL Infosystems. Founded in 1976, HCL is one of ‘India’s original IT garage start ups’.
The HCL team comprises 53,000 professionals of diverse nationalities, operating across 18 countries. At a time when India had a total of 250 computers, Shiv Nadar led a young team which passionately believed in the growth of the IT industry.

Three decades later, he succeeded in creating a $ 4.9 billion global enterprise. The company has reported consolidated revenue of Rs 3017.5 crore (Rs 30.17 billion) during the quarter ended March 31, 2008. The profit after tax stood at Rs. 81.5 crore (Rs 815 million).

6. Tech Mahindra
Tech Mahindra was incorporated as a joint venture between Mahindra & Mahindra and BT plc in 1986 under the name of ‘Mahindra-British Telecom’.

Later, the name was changed to ‘Tech Mahindra’, in order to reflect the diversification and growth of the client base and service offerings. The company was incorporated in 1986. Tech Mahindra is a global systems integrator and business transformation consulting firm focused on the communications industry. At the helm of the fast expanding organisation is Vineet Nayyar.

In a career spanning over 40 years, he has worked with the government, international multilateral agencies and the corporate sector. Tech Mahindra’s net profit rose 8.57 per cent to Rs 196.4 crore (Rs 1.96 billion) on 6.09 per cent growth in net sale to Rs 911.6 crore (Rs 9.11 billion) in Q3 December 2007 over Q2 September 2007.

7. Patni Computer Systems
Patni Computer Systems Ltd one of the leading global providers of information technology services and business solutions. The company has clients across the Americas, Europe and Asia-Pacific locations.

The company has serviced more than 400 Fortune 1000 companies, for over two decades. Patni Computer Systems Limited was incorporated on 10 February 1978 under the Companies Act, 1956. On 18 September 2003, the Company converted itself from a private limited company into a public limited company.

The company headed founded by Narendra K Patni by has a staff strength of over 14,000 professionals. The revenues for the quarter ended March 2008 stood at $ 176.4 million (Rs. 7,061.2 million) up 13.1% YoY from $ 156.0 million (Rs. 6,724.1 million). The net income for the quarter at US$ 18.1 million (Rs. 724.6 million) down 35.0 per cent YoY from $ 27.8 million (Rs. 1,200.3 million).Frost & Sullivan ranked Patni 1st among ‘Top 5 Engineering Service Providers’.

8. i-flex Solutions
iflex started as a division of Citicorp (now Citigroup), wholly owned subsidiary called Citicorp Overseas Software Ltd. (COSL) in 1991. Later, a separate company Citicorp Information Technologies Industries Ltd. (CITIL) was formed and Rajesh Hukku was appointed as its head.

CITIL started off with the universal banking product, MicroBanker which became very successful. In the mid-90s, CITIL developed Flexcube at its Bangalore development centre. After the launch of Flexcube, all of CITIL’s transactional banking products were brought under a common brand umbrella. CITIL changed its name to i-flex solutions to reflect its growing independence from Citicorp and to strengthen its Flexcube brand.

In 2006, i-flex became a majority-owned subsidiary of Oracle Corporation i-flex posted a top line growth of 8 per cent QoQ with revenue for the quarter ended March 31, 2008 at Rs 672 crore (Rs 6.72 billion) as compared to Rs 601 crore (Rs 6.01 billion) for the corresponding quarter during the previous year representing a 12 per cent YoY growth.
The net income for quarter stood at Rs 185 crore (Rs 1.85 billion) representing 73 per cent growth QoQ. The revenue for the full year ended March 31, 2008 stood at Rs 2,380 crore (Rs 23.80 billion), up 15 per cent as compared to the previous year.

9. MphasiS
MphasiS Limited was formed in June 2000 after the merger of the US-based IT consulting company MphasiS Corporation (founded in 1998 and the Indian IT services company BFL Software Limited (founded in 1993).

Jeya Kumar is CEO of MphasiS, which has a staff strength of 27,000 people. For the year ended 31 March 2008, the MphasiS Group recorded revenues of Rs 2,423 crore (Rs 24.23 billion), a growth of Rs 662 crore, which is 38 per cent over the previous year.
The net profit increased by 42 per cent from Rs 180 crore (Rs 1.8 billion) to Rs 255 crore (Rs 2.55 billion) during the year ended 31 March 2008. MphasiS was named among amongst the Top 100 Companies in Global Outsourcing.

10. L&T Infotech
L&T Infotech is a global IT services and solutions provider. It is a subsidiary company of is Larsen & Toubro Ltd. (L&T), an engineering, manufacturing and construction conglomerate, with global operations.

A M Naik is the chairman of the company. Originally founded as L&T Information Technology Ltd (LTITL), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Larsen & Toubro Ltd (L&T), the company changed its name to L&T Infotech on 1st April, 1997. In 2004, it tied up with Fidelity Information Services, a division of Fidelity National Financial to provide banking solutions for the Indian banking industry. In 2007-08, L&T had recorded revenues of Rs 29,600 crore (Rs 296 billion).

Source : NASSCOM

can you hear it ?

hi dear ones ,

here is the nice information for you.

How loud is dangerous?
Typical dbA levels

190 dBA	Heavy weapons, 10 m behind the weapon (maximum level)
180 dBA	Toy pistol fired close to ear (maximum level)
170 dBA	Slap on the ear, fire cracker explodes on shoulder, small arms at a distance of 50 cm (maximum level)
160 dBA	Hammer stroke on brass tubing or steel plate at 1 m distance, airbag deployment very close at a distance of 30 cm (maximum level)
150 dBA	Hammer stroke in a smithy at 5 m distance (maximum level)
130 dBA	Loud hand clapping at 1 m distance (maximum level)
120 dBA	Whistle at 1 m distance, test run of a jet at 15 m distance
	Threshold of pain, above this fast-acting hearing damage in short action is possible
115 dBA	Take-off sound of planes at 10 m distance
110 dBA	Siren at 10 m distance, frequent sound level in discotheques and close to loudspeakers at rock concerts, violin close to the ear of an orchestra musicians (maximum level)
105 dBA	Chain saw at 1 m distance, banging car door at 1 m distance (maximum level), racing car at 40 m distance, possible level with music head phones
100 dBA	Frequent level with music via head phones, jack hammer at 10 m distance
95 dBA	Loud crying, hand circular saw at 1 m distance
90 dBA	Angle grinder outside at 1 m distance
	Over a duration of 40 hours a week hearing damage is possible
85 dBA	2-stroke chain-saw at 10 m distance, loud WC flush at 1 m distance
80 dBA	Very loud traffic noise of passing lorries at 7.5 m distance, high traffic on an expressway at 25 m distance
75 dBA	Passing car at 7.5 m distance, un-silenced wood shredder at 10 m distance
70 dBA	Level close to a main road by day, quiet hair dryer at 1 m distance to ear
65 dBA	Bad risk of heart circulation disease at constant impact is possible
60 dBA	Noisy lawn mower at 10 m distance
55 dBA	Low volume of radio or TV at 1 m distance, noisy vacuum cleaner at 10 m distance
50 dBA	Refrigerator at 1 m distance, bird twitter outside at 15 m distance
45 dBA	Noise of normal living; talking, or radio in the background
40 dBA	Distraction when learning or concentration is possible
35 dBA	Very quiet room fan at low speed at 1 m distance
25 dBA	Sound of breathing at 1 m distance
0 dBA	Auditory threshold

reuse and recycle

Hi dear ones,

 I come across this beautiful article on the net. Thanx to the originator.

Reuse is often confused with recycling, but they are really quite different. (Even those engaged in reuse frequently refer to it as recycling.) Reuse in the broadest sense means any activity that lengthens the life of an item. Recycling, on the other hand, is the reprocessing of an item into a new raw material for use in a new product–for example grinding the tire and incorporating it into a road-surfacing compound. Reuse is nothing new. What is new is the need to reuse. Reuse is accomplished through many different methods: Purchasing durable goods, buying and selling in the used marketplace, borrowing, renting, subscribing to business waste exchanges and making or receiving charitable transfers. It is also achieved by attending to maintenance and repair, as well as by designing in relation to reuse. This may mean developing products that are reusable, long-lived, capable of being remanufactured or creatively refashioning used items. Why is reuse so important? Because at the same time that it confronts the challenges of waste reduction, reuse also sustains a comfortable quality of life and supports a productive economy. With few exceptions reuse accomplishes these goals more effectively than recycling, and it does so in the following ways: Reuse keeps goods and materials out of the waste stream Reuse advances source reduction Reuse preserves the “embodied energy” that was originally used to manufacture an item Reuse reduces the strain on valuable resources, such as fuel, forests and water supplies, and helps safeguard wildlife habitats Reuse creates less air and water pollution than making a new item or recycling Reuse results in less hazardous waste Reuse saves money in purchases and disposal costs Reuse generates new business and employment opportunities for both small entrepreneurs and large enterprises Reuse creates an affordable supply of goods that are often of excellent quality. Unique to reuse is that it also brings resources to individuals and organizations that might otherwise be unable to acquire them.

Superpower Nation !!!!!!

Hi dear ones !!

whats a superpower nation …………..                   

A superpower is a state with a leading position in the international system and the ability to influence events and its own interests and project power on a worldwide scale to protect those interests; it is traditionally considered to be one step higher than a great power.

There have been attempts to apply the term superpower retrospectively, and sometimes very loosely, to a variety of past entities such as 

Ancient Hindu or Bharat( Indian Sub-continent), Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, China, the Persian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Roman Empire, the Mongol Empire, Portuguese Empire, the Spanish Empire, France, the Dutch Republic and the British Empire.

Potential Superpowers

Academics and other qualified commentators sometimes identify potential superpowers thought to have a strong likelihood of being recognized as superpowers in the 21st century.    

Due to their large markets, growing military strength, and economic potential and influence in international affairs, the Federative Republic of Brazil, the People’s Republic of China, the European Union, the Republic of India, and the Russian Federation, are among the powers which are most often cited as having the ability to influence future world politics and reach the status of superpower in the 21st century.

But…………..                      

The notion of a “superpower” is increasingly anachronistic in the 21st century as increased global integration and interdependence makes the projection of a superpower hard but not impossible.

chances of “avatar” to happen…..

hi dear ones !!

We are part of universe.                                   

i and you watched movie avatar.and as i was, you also have thought of the possibility to go to other planet with some life.

Here is some data for you.

The statitistics

1) The number of galaxies. An estimated 50 billion galaxies are visible with modern telescopes and the total number in the universe must surely exceed this number by a huge factor, but we will be conservative and simply double it. That’s 100,000,000,000 galaxies in the universe.   

2) The number of stars in an average galaxy. As many as hundreds of billions in each galaxy.

Lets call it just 100 billion.

That’s 100,000,000,000 stars per galaxy.

3)The number of stars in the universe.      

So the total number of stars in the universe is roughly 100 billion x 100 billion.

That’s 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 stars, 10 thousand, billion, billion. Properly known as 10 sextillion. And that’s a very conservative estimate.

4) The number of stars that have planetary systems. The original extra-solar system planet hunting technology dictated that a star needed to be to close to us for a planet to be detected, usually by the stars ‘wobble’. Better technology that allows us to measure the dimming of a stars brightness when a planet crosses its disk has now revolutionised planet hunting and new planets are being discovered at an ever increasing rate. So far (August 2003) around 100 have been discovered so we have very little data to work on for this estimate. Even so, most cosmologists believe that planetary formation around a star is quite common place. For the sake of argument let us say it’s not and rate it at only one in a million and only one planet in each system, as we want a conservative estimate, not an exaggerated one. That calculation results in:                           

10,000,000,000,000,000 planets in the universe. Ten million, billion, as a conservative estimate.

5) The number planets capable of supporting life. Let’s assume that this is very rare among planets and rate it at only one in a million. Simple division results in:

10,000,000,000 planets in the universe capable of producing life. Ten billion!                                  

But do not let this data discourage you.

after all we are humans and we keep our hope alive.        

So let us just keep searching for living beings.

” use what is necessary only”

Hi dear ones !!

we see people, mostly yuth carrying multifunctional gadgets. and high end products.  they use cell phones for listening music, taking pix, recording clips, calling, texting virtually everything.

But with these all they need digi cams, ipod, mp4 players laptop again with cam and modem installed.

So this is repeating same thing again and again.but we dont mind spending money on these  nuisances;

why nuisances? because then for everything we need these gadgets.

even we spend less time with our family and relatives and afterwords friends too ! we dont like anybody touching these ‘personal’ gadgets. we become possessive. we like to and try to become more independant from any human contact by depending on gadgets.

we think we are  happy in this VIRTUAL WORLD of ours.

There is other thing:

 Any product is replaced by its superior version. but when old product is replaced by new one it is ” replaced by its usability only ” not by product for product. which means when you buy new product company do not offer to buy old product even they do not offer any solution to you to what to do with the old product and how to dispose it.

 Because of this after some time there is no ” company support ” available for that product and hence its considered as the waste.

 so in case of electronic gadgets the ” E-WASTE ” is increasing.

so let’s think about it and come with solutions on peronal level. Because i do not think anybody  will love to live in waste.

so, “use what is necessary” = ” use when and what you must”

  OR